Financial Management Individual Work 2 Week 6 Essay

Monetary Management Individual Work 2 Week 6 - Essay Example hypothesis that clarifies that profits nearby are favored by financial specialists to profits held in an organization in which the profit strategy would have influenced the estimation of the firm. The hypothesis was advanced by John Lintner and Myron Gordon. They contended that speculators see profits within reach to be less risker than profits of possible future capital additions. Investors in this manner lean toward real profits to held income. Assessment inclination hypothesis realizes that there are two duty related purposes behind accepting that financial specialists may favor low profit payout to higher profit payout. The duties on capital additions are possibly paid when the stock is sold however when it is held by an individual; no capital increases will be expected at some random point in time. a.3 The speculations are one way traffic to such an extent that on the off chance that the profit superfluity hypothesis is correct, at that point profit payout has no importance thus the firm can follow any profit payout. In the event that the winged animal in the hand hypothesis is significant, the firm can set a high payout on the off chance that it needs to augment the stock cost. On the off chance that the duty inclination is exact, the firm can set a low payout if is to boost the stock cost. Along these lines as a rule, the speculations are in complete war with each other. a.4. Deplorably, experimental trial of hypotheses have not taking everything into account, so it is completely hard to discern whether speculators lean toward either profits or capital increases. In any case, the firms’ managers’ can utilize the investigations to a sensible and normal choice over profit strategy. b. 1.Different gatherings of investors pick various types of profit payout arrangements for instance benefits subsidizes which are charge section. This sort of gathering of investors may favor high payout stocks. Financial specialists can sell their stocks and acquire some exchange costs consequently compelling deals to be made in a down market. 2. Customers are in presence and the inquiry that emerges is whether there are a greater number of individuals from one demographic than the rest. There are important costs, for example, charges and business costs

Load shading Crisis in Nepal

Nepal is being desolated by the power emergency. The power emergency of this thousand years started in 2006. Nepal saw the last power emergency of the most recent thousand years in 1999 and, with the dispatching of Khimti venture in 2000, there was no heap shedding through till 2005. Nepal was thinking about the issue of flood in the primary seven day stretch of August 2008, with resultant death toll and appendage just as property in the sloping zones and Terai of the west Nepal. NEA was forcing a heap shedding of 2 hours every day, two days a week.With impact from 27th August, 2008 the heap shedding hours was expanded to 16. 5 hours/week. The expansion of burden shedding by multiple occasions was credited to (a) powerlessness to import power from India, because of breakdown of a specific transmission tower in east Nepal brought about by the penetrate of Koshi bank, and resulting flooding of the zone and (b) low water level in Kulekhani repository. There was one more purpose for the â€Å"augmentation† of burden shedding hours which can be gathered by examining following table intently . Why Load Shedding?It is fairly typical for individuals to ask why we need to endure load shedding in a nation that is supplied with a financial capability of 43,000 MW of hydropower. It is all the more astonishing, realizing that applicable authorities had earlier information on what will be the interest for power in the nation in explicit years to come. NEA and other strategy producers more likely than not been in a situation to get ready designs for an expansion in age. Notwithstanding, it is disheartening to take note of that age extension has not stayed up with utilization growth.One of the issues behind this is the inability to finish venture development and commission in time †Middle Marsyangdi venture is a prime model which should be finished in 2004 initially. Be that as it may, taking a gander at the greatness of intensity shortage, it isn't hard to see tha t even with this undertaking finished in an auspicious way Nepal would have confronted load shedding as the tasks in the pipeline isn't proportionate to development of power utilization. Death of Arun III and Load SheddingWith the nation confronting load shedding because of flexibly imperative, individuals, extending from the then fund serve (a financial analyst, having doctorate qualification) and numerous power specialists (self declared and something else), have been crediting the flow power emergency to the dropping of Arun III in 1995, which was planned to be finished in 2005. Silver coating Like in all foreboding shadow, some silver covering has been found in the heap shedding issue of Nepal. Flame industry, which is a prospering house industry of Nepal, has additionally thrived because of the power emergency getting in the country.It is inspiring to note, as light industry has elevated level of in reverse linkage, that it must be adding to the economy altogether. Maybe numero us a conjugal connections, experiencing some emergency, more likely than not improved because of pervasive flame light during suppers as often as possible, even at homes! Also, offer of inverters, batteries, generators, sunlight based boards, and so forth likewise has expanded by a size. There is not something to be glad about the expanded turnover of these, as these must be imported.In the instance of inverters, the specialists opine that utilization of inverters at home worsens the issue further as these mediums store vitality wastefully. Also, increment in the deals of generators has added to irritation the non-renewable energy source emergency in the nation other than adding to ecological contamination. Because of time limitation, this paper can't do a top to bottom investigation of this viewpoint. Unfriendly effect Obviously the essential effect of burden shedding is on NEA as far as loss of income. In FY 2007/08 the shortfall of power was 309. 46 GWh and at normal income pace of Rs 6.70/kWhNEA could have earned Rs 2. 07 billion steady income and would have had the option to post a net benefit of Rs 761 million, rather a total deficit of Rs 1. 312 billion, however for this emergency. Sometime in the past even medical clinics endured because of lack of oxygen which was attributed to inaccessibility of power. Also, processing plants working for 3 movements needed to work just 2 movements and those working 2 movements needed to downsize to 1 move. It even got hard to work a production line for a specific move adjacently as the heap shedding happened in a move which represented another sort of challenge..In request to moderate this issue, various enterprises obtained backup generators which expanded the non-renewable energy source emergency by a greatness. Then again, significantly after acquirement of reserve generators numerous ventures had to sit around as they couldn't work even the backup generators because of deficiency of petroleum product to work them . Further, the heap shedding issue additionally irritated and exacerbated the fuel emergency as different processing plants, even shops and a few family units began utilizing generators to relieve the issue of burden shedding.Besides, the utilization of petroleum derivative as an option in contrast to power expanded ecological contamination (because of ventures, shops[20] and so on utilizing reinforcement generators) including indoor contamination. Oddity There is an essential inconsistency in this †spilling of power (squandering age limit) amidst load shedding. In monetary year 2007/8, as referenced prior, the vitality request totaled 3,490. 12 GWh while accessible vitality was 3,180. 66 GWh just bringing about a shortfall of 309. 46 GWh. In any case, NEA spilled 223. 378 GWh of this valuable ware during a similar period .On the other hand, utilization design in Nepal is oppositely inverse of age by RoR ventures †high quantum of power utilization in the dry season (winter ) and low utilization during wet (blustery) season. Kulekhani I and II †totaling 92 MW †is the main stockpiling venture in Nepal, age from which could be customized to the interest. GoN Policy and Load Shedding Nepal’s Water Resource Strategy[24]stipulates that â€Å"by 2017, 2230 MW hydropower created to fulfill anticipated need of 2230 MW, including 400 MW for export.†According to stack figure arranged by NEA (table 5 above) top interest in FY 2017/18 is evaluated at 1770. 2 MW and to fulfill this degree of need the introduced limit should be in any event or more than 3500 MW as force plants create at around half of the introduced limit. Along these lines, with 2230 MW in the framework it will create just around 1115 MW during the dry season and, accordingly, the arrangement to send out 400 MW won't be conceivable. Nepal can even escape from ebb and flow oil based commodity emergency altogether by zapping transportation framework (going from electric train, streetcar transport, link vehicle, ropeway, electric bicycle, etcâ to even cross breed car).Actually Nepal should expect to augment utilization of intensity produced by bridling its water asset locally and furthermore advantage by forward linkaged benefits. Use power to lift water to flood, to run cold stockpiling, to set up agro-handling businesses, use for industrialization of Nepal, likewise to set up vitality serious enterprises. The approach and procedure embraced by the legislature dependent on the presumption that Nepal has overabundance hydropower potential, the main utilization of which is sending out it to a neighboring nation is at the foundation of all the problems.Presently the arrangement is centered around getting free vitality by permitting designers to execute extends as fare situated. Which brings about modest and better quality power being traded (model is West Seti, Upper Karnali and Arun III) while sentencing individuals in Nepal to live in obscurity because o f burden shedding, leaving enterprises to starve for vitality and proceeding with long lines for oil based commodities that contaminate the earth and make individuals wiped out, expanding the truancy from work, and spend hard earned cash on medication and clinical treatment.Way forward All issues have arrangements and burden shedding issue isn't unique. In following lines an endeavor is being made to think of specific recommendations with regards to how the issue is best moderated. Be that as it may, because of existence imperative, all the issues couldn't be managed here comprehensively, albeit one could think of a lot more proposals. GoN Policy: Nepal government ought to have a strategy to actualize whatever number hydropower extends as could be expected under the circumstances with household venture so speculation linkaged advantage will permeate into the economy.This doesn't imply that we should close our ways to remote direct speculation. For whatever length of time that the po wer is utilized to support the nation who is putting resources into the undertaking doesn't make a difference. Furthermore, Nepal ought to permit ventures to be executed by the financial specialist/s (household or remote) that will create the power at the most reduced expense. Nepal should buy all such force (at most reduced conceivable cost) and energize the country enormously (not only for lighting a couple of bulbs in houses, however) and trade the power that Nepal can't expend at premium .What Nepal ought to do is, rather than devoted fare situated force ventures, she should plan to send out vitality during wet seasons and off pinnacle hours when she needs to spill her power age limit while during a similar window of time the power request in south is at its pinnacle, consequently directing premium tax. As such we could undoubtedly escape the snare of long haul PPAs and furthermore exploit from the complementarity of power market of Nepal and India actualized toward the finish o f the overview permit period.Infrastructure: Private financial specialists have found that interest in power age venture is a rewarding business. Be that as it may, they are obliged by absence of framework like transmission system and access street.. Subsequently, NEA should dispatch a crusade to construct transmission organize and in the event that it is obliged by money related contemplations, at that point she

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Mixed Personality Disorder By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 26, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 valentinrussanov / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Diagnosis Causes Treatment Coping View All Back To Top Mixed personality disorder refers to a type of personality disorder that does not fall into the 10 recognized personality disorders.  It is possible for people to have traits or symptoms of more than one personality disorder at the same time, while not meeting the criteria for any single one of them. In DSM-IV, this was referred to as Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). This terminology has been replaced in the  DSM-5 by Other Specified Personality Disorder. This is not a surprising category as there is significant overlap between the symptoms of several of the personality disorders. Since this is in a way a catch-all category for people with some symptoms of many different personality disorders, there is a wide range of symptoms among people who receive this diagnosis. How PD-NOS Was Reclassified in the DSM-5 Symptoms Most people have a fairly flexible personality that allows them to adapt to a variety of circumstances, people, and events. People with personality disorders, on the other hand, tend to get stuck in rigid ways of relating to people and events. These rigid thoughts may affect how they think about themselves and the world around them, how they experience emotion, how they function socially, and how well they can control their impulses. Mixed personality disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed personality disorders. In one study looking at patients referred for psychotherapy, 18.4% met the diagnostic criteria for a mixed personality disorder.?? Types of Personality Disorders A personality disorder is defined as a chronic and pervasive  mental disorder  that affects thoughts, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning. The DSM-5 recognizes 10 distinct  personality disorders, which are arranged into three clusters. Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Paranoid personality disorder: Paranoid personality disorder is marked by a chronic fear and distrust of other people combined with a belief that others are deceiving or exploiting them. It occurs in 1% to 2% of the population and overlaps in some ways with schizophrenia.Schizoid personality disorder: Schizoid personality disorder is marked by an indifference to other people. Those with this disorder often have very little interest in forming close relationships with other people.Schizotypal personality disorder: Schizotypal personality disorder, a condition that affects around 3% of the population, is marked by eccentric thoughts and behaviors. People with the disorder often engage in magical thinking, for example, believing they can read the future. They often experience tremendous social anxiety as well. Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional Antisocial personality disorder: Its thought that 7.6 million Americans live with antisocial personality disorder, a disorder in which people may intentionally harm others and are indifferent to the pain experienced by anyone other than themselves. A lack of empathy (lack of concern for others) combined with a lack of remorse (little conscience about their cruel activities) often contributes to the tendency toward criminal behaviors.Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) often leads to unstable and intense relationships due to anger and aggression towards others combined with a deep fear of abandonment. People with BPD often engage in risky behaviors and may engage in self-harming behaviors.Histrionic personality disorder: Histrionic personality disorder affects around 1.8% of the population and involves a combination of shallow emotions combined with attention-seeking and manipulative behaviors. Among this population, suicide gestures are commonly not related to depression, but rather as a way to manipulate others. (That said, its always important to take warning signs of suicide seriously; do not ignore signs even if you believe them to be disingenuous.)Narcissistic personality disorder: Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is characterized by extreme self-centeredness, an exaggerated sense of their own importance, and a lack of empathy or concern for others. The disorder is often recognized first not in the person who has the disorder, but through the emotional damage that occurs to those people with whom the person with NPD relates. Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Avoidant personality disorder: Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by extreme shyness and sensitivity to criticism from others. It is often associated with other mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders and social phobia.Dependent personality disorder: Dependent personality disorder is characterized by intense fear and inability to make decisions. This disorder is the ultimate in the need to be a people pleaser and can result in near paralysis and inability to make the daily decisions (without the input of others) necessary for functioning well in the outside world.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Around 2.5% of the population is expected to live with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder at some point in their life. It is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Introduction to Personality Disorders Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must exhibit symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-5, including: The patterns of behavior must be chronic and pervasive, affecting many different aspects of the individual’s life, including social functioning, work, school, and close relationships.The person must exhibit symptoms that affect two or more of the following four areas: thoughts, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control.The pattern of behaviors must be stable across time and have an onset that can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.These behaviors cannot be explained by any other mental disorders, substance use, or medical conditions. While the DSM-5 retained the DSM-IVs categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders, it developed an alternate model, which it suggests could be an area for future study. Using this alternate hybrid model, clinicians would assess personality and diagnose a personality disorder based on a combination of specific difficulties in personality functioning, as well as the general patterns of pathological personality traits. Differential Diagnosis Before a clinician can diagnose a personality disorder, they must make a differential diagnosis to rule out other disorders or medical conditions that may be causing the symptoms. This is very important but can be difficult as the symptoms that characterize personality disorders are often similar to those of other psychiatric disorders and medical illnesses. Personality disorders also commonly co-occur with other illnesses. Causes Though experts dont understand all of the causes of personality disorders, there are believed to be causes that likely underlie more than one of these disorders. Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Some people may be predisposed to these disorders due to genetics and family history. Genetic vulnerabilities may make people more susceptible to these conditions, while experiences and other environmental factors may act as a trigger in the development of a personality disorder. Treatment Since the symptoms and characteristics of mixed personality disorder span a wide range, there is not one specific treatment that is helpful to all people with the diagnosis. The particular symptoms present are often treated as if the person does meet the criteria of one of the personality disorders described above. For example, if a person meets some, but not all of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, one of the empirically validated psychotherapy treatments for borderline personality disorder may be pursued. In general, the treatment of personality disorders also requires that the person with the disorder wishing to pursue therapy. The Best Online Therapy Programs Psychotherapy Your treatment plan will depend largely upon your symptoms but may involve the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a subtype known as dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Traditional CBT focuses on identifying negative thinking patterns that contribute to maladaptive behaviors and replacing these patterns with healthier, more realistic ones.Dialectical-behavioral therapy: DBT can be particularly effective at treating borderline symptoms and involves learning skills related to emotional regulation, interpersonal communication, mindfulness, and tolerating distress. Medications Psychotherapy is often more effective than medications, but medications may be prescribed to address certain symptoms. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may be used to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed when people have Cluster A symptoms such as eccentric thoughts or behaviors. Coping While personality disorders are fairly common, many people do not realize that they have one of these conditions. One of the best ways to improve your quality of life is to recognize the signs and find effective ways to cope with symptoms that lead to distress and impairment. Professional support from a therapist combined with self-care can help people learn to manage their condition. Recognize Your Symptoms If you have mixed traits such as avoidance or dependence, consider the impact these might have on different aspects of your life including work and relationships. By better understanding these traits, youll have a clearer idea of what you can do to work around them. Have a Plan Some traits can make it hard to take care of your health and home. You might do well some of the time, only to have periods where you struggle to keep up. Come up with a self-care plan that works for you and enlist the help of friends and family who can help keep you on track. How to Cope With a Personality Disorder A Word From Verywell While research suggests that personality disorders with mixed symptoms are quite common, people often go underdiagnosed and undertreated. With appropriate treatment, you can learn to manage symptoms that may be having a negative impact on multiple areas of your life. Talk to your doctor if you suspect that you may be experiencing symptoms of some type of personality disorder.

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Mixed Personality Disorder By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 26, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 valentinrussanov / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Diagnosis Causes Treatment Coping View All Back To Top Mixed personality disorder refers to a type of personality disorder that does not fall into the 10 recognized personality disorders.  It is possible for people to have traits or symptoms of more than one personality disorder at the same time, while not meeting the criteria for any single one of them. In DSM-IV, this was referred to as Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). This terminology has been replaced in the  DSM-5 by Other Specified Personality Disorder. This is not a surprising category as there is significant overlap between the symptoms of several of the personality disorders. Since this is in a way a catch-all category for people with some symptoms of many different personality disorders, there is a wide range of symptoms among people who receive this diagnosis. How PD-NOS Was Reclassified in the DSM-5 Symptoms Most people have a fairly flexible personality that allows them to adapt to a variety of circumstances, people, and events. People with personality disorders, on the other hand, tend to get stuck in rigid ways of relating to people and events. These rigid thoughts may affect how they think about themselves and the world around them, how they experience emotion, how they function socially, and how well they can control their impulses. Mixed personality disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed personality disorders. In one study looking at patients referred for psychotherapy, 18.4% met the diagnostic criteria for a mixed personality disorder.?? Types of Personality Disorders A personality disorder is defined as a chronic and pervasive  mental disorder  that affects thoughts, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning. The DSM-5 recognizes 10 distinct  personality disorders, which are arranged into three clusters. Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Paranoid personality disorder: Paranoid personality disorder is marked by a chronic fear and distrust of other people combined with a belief that others are deceiving or exploiting them. It occurs in 1% to 2% of the population and overlaps in some ways with schizophrenia.Schizoid personality disorder: Schizoid personality disorder is marked by an indifference to other people. Those with this disorder often have very little interest in forming close relationships with other people.Schizotypal personality disorder: Schizotypal personality disorder, a condition that affects around 3% of the population, is marked by eccentric thoughts and behaviors. People with the disorder often engage in magical thinking, for example, believing they can read the future. They often experience tremendous social anxiety as well. Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional Antisocial personality disorder: Its thought that 7.6 million Americans live with antisocial personality disorder, a disorder in which people may intentionally harm others and are indifferent to the pain experienced by anyone other than themselves. A lack of empathy (lack of concern for others) combined with a lack of remorse (little conscience about their cruel activities) often contributes to the tendency toward criminal behaviors.Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) often leads to unstable and intense relationships due to anger and aggression towards others combined with a deep fear of abandonment. People with BPD often engage in risky behaviors and may engage in self-harming behaviors.Histrionic personality disorder: Histrionic personality disorder affects around 1.8% of the population and involves a combination of shallow emotions combined with attention-seeking and manipulative behaviors. Among this population, suicide gestures are commonly not related to depression, but rather as a way to manipulate others. (That said, its always important to take warning signs of suicide seriously; do not ignore signs even if you believe them to be disingenuous.)Narcissistic personality disorder: Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is characterized by extreme self-centeredness, an exaggerated sense of their own importance, and a lack of empathy or concern for others. The disorder is often recognized first not in the person who has the disorder, but through the emotional damage that occurs to those people with whom the person with NPD relates. Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Avoidant personality disorder: Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by extreme shyness and sensitivity to criticism from others. It is often associated with other mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders and social phobia.Dependent personality disorder: Dependent personality disorder is characterized by intense fear and inability to make decisions. This disorder is the ultimate in the need to be a people pleaser and can result in near paralysis and inability to make the daily decisions (without the input of others) necessary for functioning well in the outside world.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Around 2.5% of the population is expected to live with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder at some point in their life. It is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Introduction to Personality Disorders Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must exhibit symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-5, including: The patterns of behavior must be chronic and pervasive, affecting many different aspects of the individual’s life, including social functioning, work, school, and close relationships.The person must exhibit symptoms that affect two or more of the following four areas: thoughts, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control.The pattern of behaviors must be stable across time and have an onset that can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.These behaviors cannot be explained by any other mental disorders, substance use, or medical conditions. While the DSM-5 retained the DSM-IVs categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders, it developed an alternate model, which it suggests could be an area for future study. Using this alternate hybrid model, clinicians would assess personality and diagnose a personality disorder based on a combination of specific difficulties in personality functioning, as well as the general patterns of pathological personality traits. Differential Diagnosis Before a clinician can diagnose a personality disorder, they must make a differential diagnosis to rule out other disorders or medical conditions that may be causing the symptoms. This is very important but can be difficult as the symptoms that characterize personality disorders are often similar to those of other psychiatric disorders and medical illnesses. Personality disorders also commonly co-occur with other illnesses. Causes Though experts dont understand all of the causes of personality disorders, there are believed to be causes that likely underlie more than one of these disorders. Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Some people may be predisposed to these disorders due to genetics and family history. Genetic vulnerabilities may make people more susceptible to these conditions, while experiences and other environmental factors may act as a trigger in the development of a personality disorder. Treatment Since the symptoms and characteristics of mixed personality disorder span a wide range, there is not one specific treatment that is helpful to all people with the diagnosis. The particular symptoms present are often treated as if the person does meet the criteria of one of the personality disorders described above. For example, if a person meets some, but not all of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, one of the empirically validated psychotherapy treatments for borderline personality disorder may be pursued. In general, the treatment of personality disorders also requires that the person with the disorder wishing to pursue therapy. The Best Online Therapy Programs Psychotherapy Your treatment plan will depend largely upon your symptoms but may involve the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a subtype known as dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Traditional CBT focuses on identifying negative thinking patterns that contribute to maladaptive behaviors and replacing these patterns with healthier, more realistic ones.Dialectical-behavioral therapy: DBT can be particularly effective at treating borderline symptoms and involves learning skills related to emotional regulation, interpersonal communication, mindfulness, and tolerating distress. Medications Psychotherapy is often more effective than medications, but medications may be prescribed to address certain symptoms. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may be used to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed when people have Cluster A symptoms such as eccentric thoughts or behaviors. Coping While personality disorders are fairly common, many people do not realize that they have one of these conditions. One of the best ways to improve your quality of life is to recognize the signs and find effective ways to cope with symptoms that lead to distress and impairment. Professional support from a therapist combined with self-care can help people learn to manage their condition. Recognize Your Symptoms If you have mixed traits such as avoidance or dependence, consider the impact these might have on different aspects of your life including work and relationships. By better understanding these traits, youll have a clearer idea of what you can do to work around them. Have a Plan Some traits can make it hard to take care of your health and home. You might do well some of the time, only to have periods where you struggle to keep up. Come up with a self-care plan that works for you and enlist the help of friends and family who can help keep you on track. How to Cope With a Personality Disorder A Word From Verywell While research suggests that personality disorders with mixed symptoms are quite common, people often go underdiagnosed and undertreated. With appropriate treatment, you can learn to manage symptoms that may be having a negative impact on multiple areas of your life. Talk to your doctor if you suspect that you may be experiencing symptoms of some type of personality disorder.

Ambiguous Language as an Opportunity for Mental Development Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The statement seems to imply something negative at first considering that language is supposed to unify people by having similar interpretations. But if one thinks very deeply about it, he will realize that it is but logical to get different kinds of reaction to the same material basically because no two people are the same in the first place. Take for example the sentence, Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as is his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart (Fitzgerald 15). Showing this statement to two or more individuals and asking them to interpret it would undoubtedly result in unique answers that have varying sparks of interest. However, it would be inappropriate to declare one person as correct in his or her analysis over the other because of their essential individuality. Each person has his or her own family background, education, past experiences, social interactions, and exposure to literature that these factors are going t o certainly affect the way the person will give the meaning to this statement. In this way, purposely ambiguous language gives a wide room for all individuals to freely allow their thoughts to travel to places where they have never been. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Language as an Opportunity for Mental Development or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Effects Of Creole Culture In The Awakening By Kate Chopin

The psychological theory of nurture states that an individual’s environment affects who they are. One’s environment includes factors such as early childhood experiences, how they were raised, and the society in which they live. This theory was tested in Albert Bandura’s social learning experiment, in which he demonstrated that people learn by observing others. He did this by showing children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing another person acting aggressively. On the other hand, one has the ability to change these learned behaviors or traits if they choose to. In the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin demonstrates society’s ability to influence how one is viewed, but if one finds they do not fit the persona they have assumed, they†¦show more content†¦Along with living up to this towering expectation they were presumed to â€Å"live their lives largely homebound, taking care of the cooking, cleaning, and child rearing,† (Sallus) whi ch restricted a woman of this time’s value to what she could do and how she could serve others. Edna says her children’s absence was a relief in a sense because â€Å"It seemed to free her of a responsibility which she had blindly assumed and for which Fate had not fitted her.† (Chopin 25). This reveals that Edna feels as though she does not fit the role of the mother, nor does she want to. Edna later argues to Madame Ratignolle, the epitome of a motherwoman, that she would give up the unessential for her children, for instance money or even her own life, but she would never sacrifice herself. Madame Ratignolle demonstrates the values of a woman in their society when she replies with: â€Å"... but a woman who would give her life for her children could do no more than that--your Bible tells you so. Im sure I couldnt do more than that.† (Chopin 64). This shows that Edna differs from the women in her society because she places herself above her family and focuses on her own happiness rather than tending to her children and husband’s every last need or want. From even the first few chapters of the novel it is evident that Edna is becoming aware of her concealed wants and desires as she begins to distance herself from the society that she considers herself to be an outsider in. While walking in town EdnaShow MoreRelated Kate Chopin’s The Awakening Essay4153 Words   |  17 PagesKate Chopin’s The Awakening Kate Chopin’s The Awakening should be seen as depicting the discontentment that comes from self-gratification rather than the glorification of delighting in one’s fantasies. Chopin describes the central idea of one who is seeking to please her personal needs and desires and, in the process, neglects to notice how her actions affect others. The protagonist, Edna, is not able to find peace or happiness in the accepted daily life that a woman of her era and socialRead MoreThe Awakening Feminist Analysis1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe influence of culture within society may lead to detrimental outcomes. Oppression is not the intention of society, though through harsh political and social standards one will feel compelled to make brash decisions. Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, provides feminist criticism of traditional motherhood, marriage, and conformity. Edna Pontellier, the female protagonist within the novel, grows to desire independence and control over her life. Throughout the story, Edna epitomizes a feministRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1899, Kate Chopin had published The Awakening, an American literature classic. Set in Victorian Louisiana, Chopin presented a world where woman are often given a limited amount of options in the many difficult choices we face today in life and bounded to a certain status. Stephen Greenblatt proclaims that the â€Å"beliefs and practices that form a given culture function as a pervasive technology of control, a set of limits†¦ to which individuals must conform† as well as that â€Å"literature†¦ has been one

American Invovment in Vietnam Essay - 881 Words

In American History, the nineteen sixties and the nineteen seventies were extremely turbulent and controversial times. Protest rights were being tested and occasionally suppressed, new moral and political values began to develop, and the Vietnam War dominated the twenty-year period. Vietnam invited many young activist people to begin a huge movement of anti-war protesting denouncing the war, the government, and even the soldiers who were picked against their will to fight. Reasons for American entry into the Vietnam War are controversial, and everyone has a different opinion on why we got into the conflict. Multiple reasons contributed to the entry in Vietnam from support of allies who were fighting their battles, to the fact that the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another reason for American entry into the Vietnam War was the commitment that had formerly been made by the French and the Americans into the fight or the support of the fight in Vietnam for the Fr ench colony. The French had been fighting for an Indochina colony after World War Two to benefit them, but at the same time had been struggling with domestic costs and issues. American support to the French in the form of millions of dollars to support the war failed, but officially committed to Americans to a cause in Vietnam in the American governments eyes. In 1954, at Dienbienphu the French military forces came into conflict with the North Vietnamese forces, called the Vietminh after their leader Ho Chi Minh, being defeated and leaving the Communist Vietnamese the victors. The French negotiations left a border at the 17th parallel making North Vietnam the communist half of the country while the Southern half was the democratic portion. An election was set up to decide whether the government was to become communist or democratic. American officials would not stand for this agreement realizing that it would fall to the communist, so they replaced the French in South Vietnam and began to train the South Vietnamese Army. This would soon lead us into the actual cause

The Alien Tort Statute

Question: Write a summary of the case under The Alien Tort Statute perspective? Answer: In the year 1992, Myanmar oil gave license to Total S A (French corporation) to produce, transport and sell natural gas from Yadana fields in Myanmar. The project involved extraction and transportation of natural gas from interiors of Myanmar to Thailand. Unocal Corporation, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Union Oil Company of California, entered into joint venture with 28% stake in the gas production. The production and transportation of the natural gas was assisted by the Myanmar military known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), which was responsible for protecting the pipeline. Despite being aware of the history of human rights violation of SLORC, Unocal and Total entered into an agreement with SLORC for clearing the pipeline route and ensuring security of the pipeline. SLORC soldiers forced relocation of the natives, confiscated their property and forced them to act as laborers and even tortured and murdered. Villagers lost their homes and were dispossessed of their crops and livestock. They had no means to earn their livelihood and were forced to work for SLORC. The SLORC officials also raped the village females, while imposing forced labor in relation to the pipeline, on the male members of the family. Villagers filed a suit under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), against Unocal against the atrocities committed by the military, in the process of providing security to the pipeline. There are three basic requirements for a claim under the ATCA (i) claim by an alien; (ii) allegation of tort ; and (iii) violation of international law. The third requirement was under dispute before the court and it was held that actions of forced labour, torture, murder are jus cogens violations and hence violative of law of nations as was also observed in the case of United States v. Matta-Ballesteros, (1995). Barrington (2002) suggested that forced labor has been included in the definition of slavery by the 13th amendment of the constitution and is also prohibited under the law of nations, wherein individual liability is attributed and it does not require state action. In Doe v. Unocal Corporation, (1997), the District court had concluded that Unocal knew that tort of forced labor was conducted and benefitted by the joint venture. The Court of Appeals for 9th Circuit relied on the principle propounded in the case of Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, (1992) that in ATCA cases, domestic law is not to be applied because violations of the international law are alleged, which are binding on the nations even if they do not agree to them. It was also held that practical assistance to the Myanmar Military for torts was provided by Unocal and there was no requirement to prove that Unocal controlled the military. Accordingly, mens rea and actus reus for imposing liability under ATCA to ai d and abet forced labour, murder and rape could be attributed to Unocal. The matter was referred to en banc panel of 11 judges at 9th Circuit Court and trial was to begin from June 2005. In the interim, Unocal settled the matter in March 2005 and agreed to pay compensation to the plaintiffs. References United States v. Matta-Ballesteros (1995) 71 F.3d 754, 764 n.5 (9th Circuit). Barrington T (2002) The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy. Columbia Law Review, 102, 973-1050. Doe v. Unocal Corporation ( 1997) 963 F. Supp. 880 (C.D. Cal.). Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina (1992) 965 F.2d 699, 714-15 (9th Circuit).

Computer Hackers Essays (272 words) - Hacker, Crime Prevention

Computer Hackers REACTION PAPER FOR CASE STUDY #2, Chapter 17 This Reaction Paper represents my comments about and answers to questions concerning Case Study #2 in Chapter 17, pages 531 and 532 of the textbook. The comments and answers represent my interpretation of what the Case Study is about. Question 1. Sometimes, a successful break-in into system makes it easy to invade many other systems. Answer. Some systems include information that helps hackers invade other systems. Some systems hold such information as credit card numbers, cell phone numbers, and passwords to other computers. If the main computer can be broke into then the other systems can be filtrated. Companies can loose money from accounts being drained, and valuable time being spent on repairing files. Question 2. List the lessons one can draw from this case for any organization that maintains a Web site. Answer. One lesson is that no organization is immune to attacks against its Web site, unless proper measures are taken. Organizations must use such measures as encryption and firewalls for security. With Web Sites available to the public anyone that knows how can attempt to crack codes. This is a very scary thing. I know Clinton has put a lot of money into information protection for the country. Additional Comments. I fell large organizations must have some kind of security for there Web Sites. If not a lot of money and work hours can easily be lost. More and more people are trying to crash web sites for competition reasons and just for plan old fun. Internet security is a must for large businesses of this time. 2 Computers and Internet

Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Essay Example

Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Essay Example Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Paper Impact of Industrial Pollution on Human Health Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Moreover high quality machinery should be used and should be roper installed. The awareness campaign should also be arranged to aware the industrialist about the harmfulness they are creating for the people and also the people should be aware of the danger they are living with. Introduction Industrialization one hand provide us ease but the black side of these industries is that they are too much harmful for our health due the wastage they are producing and also the dangerous gases the are discharging in the air everyday. These gases not only affect our health but it is also destroying the ozone layer. The destroying of this ozone layer is resulting in the rise of enrapture. Evidence suggested that over 14 common diseases involving perhaps 90000 deaths a year could be conservatively linked to the results of industrial pollution in KICK. In France 40% of hospital admissions linked to industrial pollution. (Fresh, 2005). The industrial sector of Islamabad is located in 1-9 and I-I O sector on the boarder of Islamabad and Rawlins which was established in 1963. The Industrial state comprises of more then 200 factories spreader over 625 acres of land. These industries are managed by the CAD (Capital Development Authority). CAD is providing the water supply to the industries but numbers of industries have installed their own tube wells due to inadequate supply of water from CAD. The natural drains eventually lead to a single drain in the area known as Annual Ala. The entire electricity equipment is provided by WPAD. In the master plane of industrial state of Islamabad the industries are isolated from the residential areas through a buffer zone but now the residential area is developed very closed to the industrial areas because of the removal of buffer zone by CAD. Industrial state has been categorized into eight segments I. E. Tell melting furnaces, rolling mills, flour mills, oil and ghee, marble cutting and polishing, pharmaceuticals gallivanting metal working and engineering. The detail of different industrial units operating in industrial area of Islamabad is indicated below. Types and number of factories I Types of Industries II steel melting furnaces, I Approximate number 8 12. Relining mills 13. Flour mills, 14. Oil and ghee 5. Marble cutting and polishing units 16. Pharmaceuticals 7. gallivanting 18. Metal working and engineering units Total 125 15 110 12 23 Survey report-Environmental report of industrial estate Islamabad Government of Pakistan (2006) environmental survey in the industrial area of 1-9 and 1-10) The steel melting industries are contributing heavily to air pollution in the industrial state of 1-9 and 1-10. The furnaces produces metal dusts, slam and gaseous emissions. Smoke is produced during charging of the furnace. Air emission from the industry includes nitrogen dioxide, secular dioxide and carbon monoxide and thick black smoke. Particularly pollution is generated due to poor quality of scrap bundled Scrap which is being used by Meltzer consists mainly of spent containers of edible oil, paints lubricants and even Auber. There are 11 re-rolling mills and using locally manufactures billets, which are reheated in gas or oil fired open gas furnace. The environment related issue is the occasional discharge of black smoke. Large quantities of steam are used as a main heating medium in ghee manufacturing processes. Steam is also used for creating the vacuum required in ghee manufacturing. During this time major air emissions are nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. The extremely high level of consumption of fresh water by these industries has resulted in generation of large volume of waste water. Major waste water pollutants from this industry include oil and grease, soaps and suspended solids. There are 31 marble cutting and polishing units in the industrial area of Islamabad The excess water displaced by the gathering sludge overflows without properly settling and is discharged into the effluent channels of the industrial estate. This water carries large amounts of marble powder, which gradually settles at the bottom of the drain channels. The marble sludge in the settling tanks is removed periodically and dumped in the vicinity of the factory. Eventually; the sludge dries in the sun and its particle become airborne. This causes air pollution problems for the inhabitants of the surrounding area. In some marble units, settling pits are not cleaned as scheduled, clogging effluent drain channels in the vicinity of the marble unit. Disposal of recovered sludge is the major environmental problem facing the marble manufacturing units. Another solid wastes generated by the marble units is the cutting waste. There are about ten pharmaceutical industries in III. Sulfuric acid is being used extensively to remove dust and scale. Gallivanting process releases acidic fumes and generate waste waters and solid wastes. Objectives 1 . To study the socio-economic conditions of the respondent. 2. To study the factors affecting health of people in the industrial area of Islamabad. 3. To explore the awareness among people in industrial area regarding environmental pollution on health problem statement Effects of the air pollution coming out of industries affecting the health of people living in the sectors of Islamabad (1-9 and I-ID). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology is actually is a system of principles which guide the scientific investigation. The purpose of methodology is to describe the research deign. It works as the guideline for the researcher. In the present research the data will be analyzed with the help of statistical package for Social sciences. A prepared set of questions will be designed to generate data necessarily for accomplishing the objectives of the research project. In order to conduct the present research, quantitative research method was used to get the proposed information from the respondents. A sample of 260 respondents had been drawn through simple random sampling techniques, 104 respondents had been selected from 1-9 sector and 156 respondents had been selected from I-I Sectors. In the present study the data was collected tit the help of interview schedule. An interview schedule is a set of questions, which are asked to the respondents in face to face interaction. The data was systematically tabulated and statistically analyzed to bring into equivalent forms. Different statistical tools and techniques were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. The data was analyzed by SPAS.

Analysis of Article about Renewable Energy and Climate Change Annotated Bibliography

Analysis of Article about Renewable Energy and Climate Change - Annotated Bibliography Example The temperature of the earth is increasing due to entrapment of sun’s heat and light by the greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor among others. As a result, global warming affects the life of living beings on land and water as well. Thus, many species of aquatic plants and animals have become extinct from the global history. In addition, many human beings also lost their lives due to loss of shelter, food and water. Apart from this, rise of temperature also resulted in melting of ice deposits which hampered the growth of human life. Apart from this, increase in the level of ocean water also destroyed many agricultural lands thereby hampering cultivation as well as lives of many plants, animals and human beings. In addition, due to loss of agriculture, drought raised resulting in the demise of many human individuals, animals and plants as well. Moreover, due to discharge of harmful greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide from automobiles and heavy industries also created a high impact on the atmospheric situation of the world. Apart from these, cutting of trees in order to develop elevated constructions is also considered as an important aspect responsible for global warming in this era. Moreover, the article also provides a detailed overview about the total cost incurrence while implementing Renewable Energy (RE) technologies rather than fossil fuels. Hence, in order to condense global warming, many organizations are attempting to innovate and to develop modern technologies and tactics such as renewable energy sources. Among them, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) are certain noteworthy names responsible for altering the climatic variations and its impact on world.

Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Individual Assignment - Essay Example Innovation management is now an inherent aspect of organisations around the world. Businesses seek to find ways of improving their system of creating innovations and commercialising their innovations to attain the best results and the highest returns possible. Innovation is defined â€Å"something new which did not exist in this form up till now† (Sattler, 2011: p9). In other words, innovation is about providing new solutions that did not exist in the past to resolve problems and issues in the society. Schumpeter stated that innovation is â€Å"a new combination of production factors† (Sattler, 2011, p10). This position views innovation as an adjustment or changes in the internal structures and systems of an organisation in order to provide something different and unique to consumers in the society. Innovation is seen as a structured and disciplined approach to dealing with new productions and adjusting the system to accommodate new ideas and systems. Narayanan and OConnor (2010) identify three main stages of innovation: Innovation begins by the discovery of a new way or a new approach in doing things. This involves the invention of a better way and a better approach of resolving an issue in the society. When this is done, the organisation will have to find a way of getting the relevant intellectual property or brand identity registered for recognition. Once the invention is seen to be one that can be replicated, the organisation will have to take reasonable steps to develop it. Development is done by the commercialisation of a given idea or phenomenon. This will help the organisation to attain its results and targets and maximise its benefits form the given invention. Market penetration depends on the creation of a market for the new invention and the growth and development of the market. This aims at getting the best and the highest

The Malaysian Tobacco Industry

The Malaysian Tobacco Industry CHAPTER 1 The Malaysian tobacco industry is a copious industry which comprehends leaf production and curing, product manufacturing to product marketing and distribution. Tobacco is the countrys most widely cultivated non-food crop (British American Tobacco Malaysia). Malaysia is not considered as a large tobacco leaf producer by world standards. Neither is a major contributor to the Malaysian economy. However, tobacco farmers are used politically by the tobacco industry. According to a study conducted by Ernst and Young in June 2005 for the Confederation of Malaysian Tobacco Manufacturers, the industry contributes extensively to the countrys economy with more than 190,000 people depending on it for employment in 2003. Tobacco production has increased due to a rise in the demand for tobacco from cigarette manufacturers. (See Table 1.0) 1.1 Impact of Tobacco Use Cigarette demand has long been a crucial issue and has become especially prominent in the wake of the recent colossal settlements between government and cigarette companies ( Huang and Chin, 2006). According to the press statement by the Minister of Health, the Hon Dato Chua Jui Meng on Tobacco Control in Malaysia on 7th November 1996, cigarette smoking is an avoidable addiction which hold responsible for a massive 25% of all deaths in Malaysia. Smoking is a deadly and expensive pastime which is dangerous to both smokers and the second hand smokers (Costa and Mossialos,2006). Studies showed that 30% of cancer deaths and 90% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Malaysia were associated to smoking (The Star). According to World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is going to be the biggest cause of death in the world if current pattern of smoking continue, with no changes in cessation rates or significant declines in initiation rates by 2020. There are more than one billion smoke rs in the world and 5.4 million people were killed by tobacco use a year. Moreover, smoking is not only destroying the health of the smoker but it is also an economic burden. These include primarily direct or indirect medical costs to the smokers and also productivity losses. Indoor places where smoking is allowed will incur a higher renovation and cleaning costs. The management will have to pay a lot to maintain the cleanliness in the workplaces. Furthermore, it increased the risk of fire and may acquire higher insurance premiums. Since the first report on tobacco by Surgeon General was released in 1964, awareness relative to the negative effects of tobacco use has increased. Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy can cause impromptu miscarriage, underweight babies and premature delivery. Most importantly, it will also cause sudden infant death (SID) syndrome. At the same time, it is also very dangerous for the people who do not smoke but breathing in a smoke-filled room. Second-hand smoke is a major source of indoor air pollution which can damage the health of both the children and adults. There are almost half of the worlds children breathe second-hand smoke today. In recent times, the smokers are increasing from day to day (See Table1.1). Despite of all the negative effects, smokers dont seem to be affected by the side effects. Teenage smoking is a severe problem in Malaysia and according to the World Tobacco Marketfile, the number of youth smokers are increasing (See Table 1.2). The risk of youth commencing tobacco use by socio-demographic, environmental and personal factors is increasing. Family with low socioeconomic status is an example of socio-demographic factor. There are more young people who smoke nowadays because tobacco products are easily accessible and available everywhere. Young people who are lack of parental guidance will be easily influenced by peers. These are the examples of environmental risks factor. While personal risk factors include low self-esteem and the belief that tobacco use provides an advantage which can help them to reduce stress. People who get older should understand the danger of smoking better than the youth . They should be able to experience the side effects if they have been smoking for quite some time. Some people may not be aware of the specific health risks of tobacco use as they are not exposed to the side effects. If the smokers are aware of the dangers of tobacco, most want to quit. 1.2 Governments Regulation towards Cigarette Demand The Malaysian government has done various efforts and implemented regulations restricting people to smoke. Government policy is divided into price and tax measures; and also non-price measures such as Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke; Regulation of contents of tobacco product; Regulation of tobacco product disclosures; Packaging and labelling of tobacco products; Education, communication, training and public awareness; Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and Tobacco cessation (Zain, 2007). National Tobacco Control Program is one of the strategies taken to reduce tobacco use. The general objective of this program is to provide comprehensive support and assistance to help smokers quit smoking. The programs include legislative control; health promotion and public advocacy; tobacco tax policy; smoking cessation services; research, monitoring and evaluation; multi-sectoral collaboration and capacity building. In legislative control, under the section on the Prohibition on Tobacco Product Advertisement of Control of Tobacco Product Regulations 2004 restricts printing, publishing or distributing of any tobacco product advertisement. It bans on cigarette advertisement on television and radio. Health warning messages are placed on every cigarette pack to raise peoples awareness. Furthermore, government has legislated smoke-free policy in Malaysia to curb smoking. There is total ban on smoking in government meetings. Places like health and educational facilities, governmental offices, public transport, shopping complex, cinemas and places of worship are smoke-free zone. Besides that, health promotion and advocacy covers campaigns such as Tak Nak Campaign; Healthy Lifestyle Campaign; Kempen Nafas Baru Bermula Ramadhan; World No Tobacco Day and also events by other agencies. On top of that, government also introduce excise duties on imported cigarette and further increase in sales and import tax . Increase tax will reduce the consumption on cigarettes without negative impact on revenue. At the same time, National Smoking Cessation Program was introduced to provide comprehensive support and assistance to help smokers to quit smoking. Under this program, it helps to inform and educate the smokers regarding the advantages of quitting smoking. Government has created a lot of awareness program to help people to quit smoking and the most effective strategy to reduce smoking is raising the price of the cigarettes. So as all these efforts and accumulation of knowledge are done, the demand for cigarettes and smoking should be reducing. 1.3 Problem Statement Tobacco use in Malaysia has escalated over the past years in spite of the numerous health warnings. Despite the various implementations of mass anti-smoking campaigns by the government, smoking is still a popular activity among the people. In the past there is a lot of domino effect of smoking leading to health problems yet it can seem surprising that some people still choose to smoke. Tobacco users still continue with it in pursuance of the risks or the expense because smoking is a habit hard to break for the reason that it contains an addictive drug called nicotine. In addition to that, the effect will be amplified this time around as the price of cigarettes increase simultaneously. Subsequently, the price affects the middle and lower income group of wage earner adversely because smoking is an expensive activity. The rising of cigarettes price will cause them to be overburdened by the rising living cost. People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Although most of the people is aware that smoking is dangerous and harmful to the people around them but there are still 40-50 new smokers created everyday and the smoking popularity among the youth are increasing. There is about 9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18 years old (See Table 1.2). Most of the youth started to smoke as an act of rebellion and also because of peers pressure. The teenagers may not be conscious about the effects but it will become apparent later on in their life. Furthermore, survey has shown that the trend of young female smokers is increasing at such an alarming rate. According to the statistics by Healthy Living, it shows that there are 22% of smoker ages around 18 to 24 years old, 22.8% of smoker ages around 25 to 44 years old, 21% of smoker ages around 45 to 64 years old and 8% of smoker ages above 65 years old. 1.4 Research Question The questions arise in this study is: Will the people above the age of 65 years old decrease the consumption of cigarettes? Will the implementation of the government policy towards the cigarettes reduce the number of smokers in Malaysia 1.5 Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to determine the demand for cigarettes. More specific, this study tends to Determine the price and income elasticity towards the demand for cigarettes. Determine the impact of demand for cigarettes on aging population. 1.6 Significance of the Study This research on the aging population is important in the attempt to reduce the overall demand for cigarettes in Malaysia. This study will test the level of awareness of population of Malaysia on the impact of smoking between different age groups. Most of the diseases caused by tobacco use will only be noticeable when the users reach the later stage in life. This study will justify why policy makers should take into consideration people of all age groups when coming up with new policies regarding tobacco use, instead of focusing only on the younger population. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is to review the existing literature on the demand for cigarette. There is a large volume of published studies describing the price and income elasticity on cigarette consumption. Furthermore, there is also a large and growing body of literature has investigated the effects of taxes and anti-smoking regulations on the demand for cigarettes. So far, there are only a few studies regarding the relationship between aging population and the consumption of cigarette. 2.1 Theoretical Studies of Demand for Cigarettes The law of demand is an important law in microeconomic theory. In theoretical economics, economists develop models to explore economic activity and outcomes. Reliable statements about economic behavior enable the prediction of probable effects of specific actions. The law of demand is an economic law that states that, all other factors being equal, as the price of good increases, demand for the good will decrease. This law summarizes the effect price changes have on consumer behavior. The negative relationship between price and quantity demanded is caused by two reasons. One of the reasons is the income and substitution effects. Income effect means that for a lower price product, a consumer can buy more than they could at the higher price point. Other similar products now seem more expensive compared to the lower priced product is the substitution effect. The second reason is the diminishing marginal utility for the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. Consumers get less satisfaction from each additional unit of product they consume over a specified period of time. They will only continue to buy if the price is reduced at each point. By increasing the real price of tobacco, a tax increase has colossal potential to be an effective policy lever to decrease tobacco consumption. The impact of taxes on tobacco consumption depends on the extent to which changes in taxes are reflected in tobacco prices and the responsiveness of consumers to changes in prices. People tend to reduce their consumption on tobacco use as the price increase. The demand functions show that cigarette consumption is related to the price of cigarettes, prices of related goods, income, and individuals tastes. A general conclusion from the precious studies is that tobacco prices and the demand are inversely related. Marshall illustrated the law of demand with both a table and a demand curve by assuming that the period of time is sufficiently short to justify a ceteris paribus assumption. 2.2 Empirical Studies of Demand for Cigarettes Several studies conducted have reported that there is an inverse relationship between the price and cigarette consumption and positive effect of income. Franke (1994) reveals that Granger Causality is significant from price and income to cigarette consumption in the United States. No significant change is observed in the estimated demand elasticity which occurred during the period studied. In order to test a model of the demand for cigarettes in the United States from the period of 1961 to 1990, he uses quarterly data and multiple analyses. The outcome of the study illustrates a positive effect of income and negative effects on price. Likewise, Zheng, Zhu and Li (2008), in a separate study also finds that there is indeed a positive income elasticity but negative cigarette price elasticity based on the best fixed-effects spatial-temporal model. They construct a demand equation to study on the elasticity of per pack cigarette price and per capita disposable income in 2008. This is done by considering the cigarette demand in a spatial panel of 46 states of the United States over a period of 30 years which ranged from 1963 to 1992. They then propose a new spatial panel model and implement a fully Bayesian approach for model parameter inference and prediction of cigarette demand at future time points using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Chaloupka et al. (2002) examines data from documents of the tobacco industry to discover what tobacco companies know of the impact that cigarette prices has on smoking among youth, young adults and also adults. They assess on how this understanding would affect their pricing and price related marketing plans. The tobacco company documents provides velar evidence on the consequence of change in cigarette prices on cigarette smoking habits, relating how tax and other increases in price led to significant decline in smoking, predominantly among the younger people. They conclude that future efforts towards tobacco control which targets to increase prices and limit price related marketing efforts are critical in achieving reductions in tobacco use and public health toll caused by tobacco. This view is supported by Fernà ¡ndez et al. (2004) which shows that between the period of 1965 and 2000, there is indeed an inverse relation between the prices and consumption of cigarette in Spain, wh ich indicates that involvement at the economic level, for instance real increases in price may have an important public health impact in control of tobacco. Correspondingly, Gallus et al. (2006) present a similar study to determine the influence that cigarette prices has on tobacco consumption in Italy. A survey is conducted on 3050 individuals aged 15 and above which suggests that prices had an intermediate to high influence on cigarette consumption in the young. Younger people as well as less educated smokers are more susceptible to an influence of prices. They conclude that cigarette prices have substantial influence on tobacco consumption in the younger people. On the contrary, Raptou et al (2005) argues that cigarette demand is extremely insensitive to changes in price. They employ data collected via questionnaires which was administered by personal-in-home interviews and estimate a two part model of cigarette demand (Cragg, J. G. B Some Statistical Models for Limited Dependent Variables with Application to the Demand for Durable Goods, Econometrica, 39, 5, 1971, pp. 829Y44). They conclude that cigarette price measures would not affect cigarette demand. However, it is discovered that smoking restrictions in workplace areas as well as educational establishments, and also most of the psychosocial variables will affect the demand of cigarette. According to Huang and Yang (2006), current estimates of the income elasticity to cigarette demand have shown a troubling result which is nearly zero or sometimes negative income elasticity. They engage in a four-regime panel model (dynamic fixed effect) which is use to predict the function of cigarette demand within the United States with intentions to investigate the nonlinearity embedded in the cigarette demand structure. They apply a multi-regime model to 47 states using data from 1963 to 1997. They claim that there is a nonlinear relationship between personal income and cigarette consumption. Evidently, as income rises, cigarette has become an inferior good. The results from the four-regime model suggest that income elasticity is negative when per capita income is greater than US$ 8,568 but become is positive though insignificant when income is above US$ 18,196. In the income ranging from US$ 8,568 and US$ 18,196, the income elasticity is significantly negative. There is a nonli near relationship which prevailed for the price elasticity. Furthermore, Martinez, Mejia, and Estable (2008) claims that the demand for cigarettes in Argentina over the long term is influenced by the changes in real average price and real income of the cigarettes in Argentina. They analyse the data based on monthly time-series data between the periods of 1994 to 2004. The results that they obtain show that when the prices are increased at 120%, a maximum of revenues from the cigarettes tax can be attained and also there is a big effect on the reduction of the total consumption of cigarettes within the country. Similarly, Abedian (2000) also states that there is an inverse relationship between the price and consumption of any good which include cigarettes. This negative relationship is further affected by other factors such as income levels and the degree of addiction. He argues that increasing tobacco consumption is a problem faced in a developing country and it could bring harm to the people. He also argues that there are no adverse economic consequences following such policy framework. In 2000, Joni Hersch in his studies states that smoking behavior relates to the changes in price, which is not unlike many other economic commodities. He finds that a higher price would reduce demand for cigarettes in both men and women with regard to smoking participation and cigarette consumption levels, with elasticity ranging from -0.40 to -0.60. In distinction to other studies, he finds that the price elasticity is alike for both men and women. Income also has negative effects on smoking behavior. He also states that excise tax policies can dissuade smoking, but their effects will be largely restricted to the low income segment of the population. This finding suggests that there might be constructive responses by smokers to informational efforts which warn about the dangers of smoking and also the environmental tobacco smoke poses to others, especially when it is a member of ones household. Further observations suggest that increase in taxes also play an essential role in reducing cigarette consumption. Following recent years, there has been a growing amount of literature on higher prices that result from increased tax leading to significant reductions in cigarette smoking. A recent study by Chaloupka et al (2010) which performs to supply empirical evidence on the consequence of the cigarette excise tax structure towards three outcomes which are the government revenue, cigarette prices, and cigarette consumption. A cross-sectional time-series data for 21 European Union (EU) countries is composed from year 1998 to 2007 out of various data resources. The estimates suggest that the greater reliance on the ad valorem excise tax leads to lower average cigarette prices and larger price gaps between premium and low-priced cigarette brands. In addition, these impacts from the tax structure are smaller in more concentrated or less competitive markets. They also propose that a la rger reliance on a specific tax will have a greater impact on cigarette smoking, but the impact lessens with the growth of manufacturers market power. In view of this, Peng and Ross (2009) estimates the Ukraine population in its sensitivity to prices of cigarettes and the cigarettes affordability using the macro level data with the aim to compute the efficiency of cigarette tax policy. They use a monthly time-series data from 1997 to 2006 in Ukraine to estimate the generalized least square (GLS) model with an AR(1) process. The result shows that the cigarette price is not significantly associated with legal domestic sale of cigarette. Higher household income and more active outdoor advertising have positive and significant impact on cigarette sales. There is also a positive relationship between the affordability for cigarette and legal domestic cigarette sales. Increasing the cigarette excise tax by 10% would increase the price of cigarettes by 3%. This shows that cigarette tax policy can be used to regulate cigarette price in Ukraine. The people are found to be relatively insensitive to cigarette prices and cigarette taxes, even t hough of low magnitude, but the effect of cigarettes affordability is significant statistically. Similarly, Lee et al. (2005) concludes that price elasticity of cigarettes is approximated to be less than one, which implies that the tax will have some result in reducing cigarette consumption, although it will also generate further tax revenues. Moreover, Hidayat and Thabrany (2010) study the demand for cigarettes in Indonesia using a myopic addiction model and uses it to analyse the price elasticity of cigarette demand. They use an aggregated panel data structured from three waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey over the period of 1993 to 2000. They claim that the short run and long run price elasticity of cigarette demand are estimated to be at -0.28 and -0.73 correspondingly. Price increases have a significantly negative impact on cigarette consumption. Increasing cigarette prices via excise taxes can control tobacco use and thus raise government revenue. They then conclude that excise taxes are more likely an efficient tobacco control rather than a key source of government revenue in the long run. Besides that, Lee (2008) conduct a study which analyses the readiness of current smokers to stop the smoking habit or reduce the consumption of cigarettes when experiencing an increase in tax of NT $22 per pack, which is a consequent rise of 44%. Lee uses cross-sectional study on 483 valid questionnaires conducted during a telephone survey from April to July 2004, targeting current smokers aging 15 years and above, around the 23 major cities in Taiwan. The methods that he uses to measure the elasticity in cigarette demand are the Tobit regression model and also the maximum likelihood method, and estimation results shows a price elasticity of -0.29 following the 44% increase in the cigarette price. Interestingly, the most significant response to the increase in price was found among women, smokers with low salary, smokers who are only moderately addicted, and smokers who purchase low priced cigarettes. Lee concludes that the smokers are relatively insensitive to a hike in cigarette pr icing, since the prices of cigarettes are low in Taiwan. Thus, a marginal increase in cigarette tax would consequently reduce cigarette consumption and thus also increase the cigarette tax revenue of the government and the income of cigarette merchants effectively. This result is consistent with the findings of previous studies by Townsend (1996) and Sissoko (2002) which reflects that the price has a major effect on cigarette consumption and consequently diseases caused by smoking, especially in low income groups. Progressive rise in cigarette tax rates offer a powerful contribution to policy for reducing cigarette consumption and generating extra government revenue. Consequently, when Ross and Al-Sadat (2007) evaluate income elasticity and the price on cigarette demand and also the effect of cigarette taxes towards cigarette demand and cigarette tax revenue within Malaysia, they find that income is positively connected to cigarette consumption. A 1% rise in real income boosts cigarette consumption by 1.46%. They use time series regression analysis for 1990 to 2004 applying the error-correction model. The per-capita consumption of domestic and imported cigarettes is calculated using the excise tax and import duties collected by the Malaysian government and the size of the adult population which are aged above 15 years old. The model estimates that a rise in cigarette excise tax from RM 1.60 to RM 2 per pack will effectively reduce cigarette consumption in Malaysia by 3.37%. They conclude that taxation is an effectual means for reducing cigarette consumption and deaths linked to tobacco while bringing up the revenue for the Malaysian government. According to Huang, Yang, and Hwang (2004), future cigarette consumptions will depend entirely on tax share, price and income elasticity of remaining heavy smoker. They use a panel unit root test to calculate the demand for cigarettes over the period of 1961 to 2002 for 42 states including Washington D.C. The cigarette data in this study is obtained from The Tax Burden on Tobacco published by the Tobacco Institute. They find that price and income elasticity are approximately -0.41 and 0.06. Other than that, a decrease in tax elasticity leads to decreasing price elasticity, and smaller tax shares seems to be interconnected to declining tax elasticity. This study shows an interesting implication, whereby cigarette consumption is a normal good to transfer payment recipients and wage earners, which however is an inferior good to the elderly population and stocks owners. In 2002, Hu and Mao examine a policy dilemma in China on public health against the tobacco economy through added cigarette tax. In order to analyse the impact of tobacco consumption and production towards government revenue and also to the entire economy, they use published data from 1980 to 1997. Imposition of cigarette tax increase will have a significant impact in generating extra central government revenue and reducing cigarette consumption. Therefore, increasing additional tax on cigarettes will be beneficial to the Chinese government from both the financial and public health perspective. Levy, Cummings, and Hyland (2000) use a simulation model to evaluate the effects of taxes on the smoking rate and smoking induced deaths. The method they use in their study projects the number of smokers and smoking attributable deaths from a baseline year of 1993. They find that increase in taxes is to reduce the percentage of the total population that smokes. Youth groups experiences greater effects. The effects of a tax hike tends to increase over time as younger individuals who are more responsive to price increase grows older, but federal and state taxes on cigarettes are currently set at a fixed amount per unit. Moreover, the price of cigarettes falls comparative to the purchasing power of the population as wages increase. These effects grow over time and lead to a substantial savings in lives and health care cost. Lanoie and Leclair (1998) investigate the relative ability of two anti-smoking policies which are taxes and regulations, in inducing a decline in cigarette consumption and in providing incentives to quit smoking. Based on a Canadian data over the period of 1980 to 1995, the results show that cigarette demand react to taxes with the elasticity of -0.28, not regulation. This result implies that the policies are both acting in a corresponding fashion to influence the incidence of smoking. In addition to that, Galbraith and Kaiserman (1997) analyses Canadian cigarette taxation and consumption within the period of 1980 and 1994. During that period, there is a large price rise and decline, and a dramatic increase in the consumption of the contraband tobacco products. In their study, they examine the elasticity of legal cigarette sales and total sales which include contraband with respect to the price of legal cigarettes and various other factors. They conclude that price elasticity regarding demand towards cigarettes tends to increase in absolute value over time, making taxation an increasing strong instrument with which to influence smoking behavior. In considering untaxed sales as well, it becomes clear that the sensitivity of total cigarette sales to the taxation instrument is much lower than would otherwise appear, and has fallen obviously. According to Meier and Licari (1997), a rise in federal tax is more successful than increases in state taxes in reducing tobacco use. Cigarette consumption drops when labels with health warnings were added. They use a pooled time-series analysis from the period of 1955 to 1994 with 50 states as units of the study. The effect of excise taxes on cigarette consumption for numerous different models and econometric techniques is asset to analyse the usefulness of state and federal taxes in bringing down the consumption of cigarettes and estimate the effect of government health warnings. Their study also shows how warnings and taxes interact. Tobacco control programs also has some impact towards the consumption of cigarettes as stated by Farrelly, Pechacek and Chaloupka (2003) that increase in tobacco control program expenditures reduce cigarette sales. Additionally, in reviewing the evidence on the effectiveness of comprehensive tobacco control programs, the recent Surgeon Generals Report on Reducing Tobacco Use concludes that comprehensive tobacco control programs work. Although these studies consistently suggest that state tobacco control programs decrease tobacco use, these studies can easily be confounded by changes in excise taxes, cross-border sales, and other factors. Nevertheless, Leu (1984) reveals that anti smoking advertisements in Switzerlands mass media has a significant permanent effect on cigarette consumption. It is a powerful instrument to reduce cigarette consumption. He claims that extended publicity, following the 1964 US Surgeon Generals Report, accompanying various tax increases which preceded by a public vote on an advertising ban for tobacco products, helps reduce consumption permanently by a total of 11%. It is also supported by Keeler et al (1993) who examine the impact of income, taxes, prices, and anti smoking policy on the consumption of cigarettes in California. They use a monthly time-series data throughout 1980 to 1990. He also declares that the effect of the increase in tax in the long run will be to decrease cigarette consumption. Anti-smoking regulations decreases cigarette consumption, and thus, it shows that consumers behave consistently with the model of rational addiction. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter is to describe on the methods used in this study and the collection of data. It also explains the procedures used in collecting the data and the measurement of the variables. Thus, it provides a summary of expected result of the study. 3.1 Data types A time series data is used for the empirical analysis in this study. The data is collected annually over the period of 1998 to 2008. The types of data obtained are real price of cigarette, real income per capita, cigarette consumption, and also the aging population. 3.2 Data Source The secondary data is collected from the previous studies by other researchers. Mainly, the sources of data are from Departme

Trapped by Two Cultures in Beets, Made You Mine, America, and Sangre 24 :: Cultural Identity Essays

Something that has always fascinated me is the confrontation with a completely different culture. We do not have to travel far to realize that people really lead different lives in other countries and that the saying "Home sweet home" often applies to most of us. What if we suddenly had to leave our homes and settle somewhere else, somewhere where other values and beliefs where common and where people spoke a different language? Would we still try to hang on to the 'old home' by speaking our mother tongue, practising our own religion and culture or would we give in to the new and exciting country and forget our past? And what would it be like for our children, and their children? In Identity Lessons - Contemporary Writing About Learning to Be American I found many different stories telling us what it is like to be "trapped" between two cultures. In this short essay I aim to show that belonging to two cultures can be very confusing. In 'Beets' by Tiffany Midge we meet a family of four, where the mother is an Indian and the father is white. The eldest daughter learns about the Plains Indians and their culture in school, but the "truth" she is told there is different from the one her father wants to prove. Such mixed messages are also what the speaker of Abraham Rodriguez Jr's 'The Boy Without a Flag' receives. He refuses to salute the American flag, because his father keeps on talking about all the bad things America has done to their home Puerto Rico, and thus believes that he has done what is expected of him, but the father gets angry with him for jeopardizing his education and future. The boy feels as if the father has collaborated with the enemy and does not understand how this could have happened. It took him until he had grown up to understand that the father only wanted what was best for him. Â   In 'Made You Mine, America' Ali Zarrin describes his coming to the USA as a teenager to study and find himself a better future. It was a struggle for him to cope with the differences from his native country in the Middle East: America was to be the country of dreams and possibilities, but he had to realize it had the poor and homeless people as well.

Chapter 3 Quiz

1 of 30 Which of the following is a flow variable? A. the value of the house in which you live B. the balance in your savings account C. your monthly consumption of hamburgers D. the number of hamburgers in your refrigerator at the beginning of the month 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, a flow is a quantity measured per unit time and a stock is a quantity measured at a given point in time. 2 of 30 Which of the following is not a stock variable? A. government debt B. the labor force C. the amount of money held by the public D. inventory investment 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D.Inventory investment is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow variable. See Section 2-1. 3 of 30 Gross domestic product (GDP) is A. a stock. B. a flow. C. both a stock and a flow. D. neither a stock nor a flow. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. GDP is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow. See Section 2-1. 4 of 30 GDP measure s A. expenditure on all final goods and services. B. total income of everyone in the economy. C. total value added by all firms in the economy. D. all of the above. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. See Section 2-1 for a discussion of what GDP measures. of 30 Suppose that a farmer grows wheat and sells it to a baker for $1, the baker makes bread and sells it to a store for $2, and the store sells it to the customer for $3. This transaction increases GDP by     A. $1. B. $2. C. $3. D. $6. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in Section 2-1, GDP includes only the value of the final goods and services. Therefore, this transaction increases GDP by $3. 6 of 30 Which of the following is not included in GDP? A. the salary paid to a federal judge B. the value of housing services enjoyed by homeowners C. the value of automobile services enjoyed by car owners D. he value added by a shipping company that transports goods from the factory to retail stores 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. In principle, GDP should include the imputed rent on automobiles, but in practice it does not. See Section 2-1. 7 of 30 In which case is total expenditure in an economy not equal to total income? A. If total saving is larger than total investment. B. If net exports are not zero. C. If inventory investment is negative. D. None of the above—they are always equal. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, total expenditure in an economy always equals total income. of 30 All other things equal, GDP will rise if A. imports rise. B. exports fall. C. durable goods consumption rises. D. military spending falls. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. A rise in imports, a fall in exports, or a fall in military spending will decrease GDP. A rise in durable goods consumption will increase GDP. See Section 2-1. 9 of 30 Which of the following statements describes the difference between real and nominal GDP? A. Real GDP i ncludes only goods; nominal GDP includes goods and services. B. Real GDP is measured using constant base-year prices; nominal GDP is measured using current prices.C. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP less the depreciation of the capital stock. D. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP multiplied by the CPI. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. For a discussion of the differences between real and nominal GDP, see Section 2-1. 10 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double, then real GDP     A. and nominal GDP are both constant. B. is constant and nominal GDP is reduced by half. C. is constant and nominal GDP doubles. D. doubles and nominal GDP is constant. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Real GDP is measured in constant prices, so it is unaffected by a price increase.Nominal GDP is measured in current prices. If prices double, so will nominal GDP. See Section 2-1. 11 of 30 Real GDP equals A. nominal GDP minus net exports. B. nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. C . nominal GDP multiplied by the GDP deflator. D. GDP minus depreciation. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, real GDP equals nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. 12 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double relative to the base year, then the GDP deflator is     A. 1/4. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is D.As explained in Section 2-1, the GDP deflator equals nominal GDP divided by real GDP. If prices double, nominal GDP will double and real GDP will be unchanged. Therefore, the GDP deflator will equal 2. 13 of 30 Consider the following table: APPLES ORANGES Year Production/Price Production/Price 1995 20/ $0. 50 10/$1. 00 2000 10/ $1. 00 10/$0. 50 If 1995 is the base year, what is the GDP deflator for 2000? A. 0 B. between 0 and 1 C. 1 D. greater than 1 Question not answered 14 of 30 To obtain the net national product (NNP), start with the gross national product (GNP) and subtract     A. depreciat ion. B. epreciation and indirect business taxes. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is A. For an explanation of NNP, see Section 2-1. 15 of 30 To obtain national income, start with GNP and subtract A. depreciation. B. depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B.National income equals GNP minus depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. See Section 2-1. 16 of 30 Approximately what percentage of national income consists of compensation of employees? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 70 percent D. 95 percent 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The components of national income are discussed in section 2-1. 17 of 3 0 Which of the following is not considered investment? A. A family builds a house in which it plans to live. B. A car dealer stores some of this year's models for next year. C. An individual purchases several pieces of antique furniture. D. A firm buys a computer for word processing. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. As discussed in Section 2-1, the reallocation of existing assets among different individuals is not investment for economy. 18 of 30 Suppose that Jones builds a new house, then she sells it to Smith, and then Smith sells it to Williams. The total net investment from these transactions is     A. zero. B. 1 house. C. 2 houses. D. 3 houses. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, building a new house counts as investment; selling an existing house does not. 19 of 30 The consumer price index (CPI) A. measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services.B. measures the price of a basket of goods and services that constantly chan ges as the composition of consumer spending changes. C. measures the amount of money that it takes to produce a fixed level of utility. D. is one of the many statistics in the National Income Accounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. See Section 2-2. 20 of 30 Suppose that the typical consumer buys one apple and one orange every month. In the base year 1986, the price for each was $1. In 1996, the price of apples rises to $2, and the price of oranges remains at $1.Assuming that the CPI for 1986 is equal to 1, the CPI for 1996 would be equal to     A. 1/2. B. 1. C. 3/2. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The CPI measures the change in the price of the typical consumer’s basket of goods. Since the price of the basket was $2 in 1986, and it is $3 in 1996, the CPI for 1996 is equal to 3/2. See Section 2-2. 21 of 30 Consider the following table: | Consumption Goods| Nonconsumption Goods| Year| Prod uction Price| Production Price| 1995| 20/$0. 50| 10/$1. 00| 2000| 10/$1. 00| 10/$0. 50| If 1995 is the base year, the CPI in 2000 is A. 0. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 0 out of 1Incorrect. The correct answer is D. The CPI is a measure of the price of a fixed basket of consumption goods. Since the price of consumption goods doubled between 1995 and 2000, the 2000 CPI will equal 2. See Section 2-2. 22 of 30 Which of the following statements about the CPI and the GDP deflator is true? A. The CPI measures the price level; the GDP deflator measures the production of an economy. B. The CPI refers to a base year; the GDP deflator always refers to the current year. C. The weights given to prices are not the same. D. The GDP deflator takes the price of imported goods into account; the CPI does not. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of the CPI and the GDP deflator, see Section 2-2. 23 of 30 All other things equal, if the price of foreign-made cars rises, then the GDP deflat or     A. and the CPI will rise by equal amounts. B. will rise and the CPI will remain the same. C. will remain the same and the CPI will rise. D. and the CPI will rise by different amounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Goods and services produced abroad do not enter the GDP deflator, but are included in the CPI if the foreign goods are in the consumers’ basket. See Section 2-2. 24 of 30General Motors increases the price of a model car produced exclusively for export to Europe. Which U. S. price index is affected? A. the CPI B. the GDP deflator C. both the CPI and the GDP deflator D. neither the CPI nor the GDP deflator 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The GDP deflator is affected because the cars are produced domestically. The CPI does not change because the cars are not consumed domestically. See Section 2-2. 25 of 30 Which of the following events will cause the unemployment rate to increase? A. an increase in population, with no change in the size of the labor force   B. proportionally equal increase in the labor force and the number of unemployed workers   C. an increase in the labor force with no change in the number of employed workers   D. an increase in the number of employed workers with no change in the number of unemployed workers 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed workers divided by the labor force. If the labor force increases and employment does not change, the unemployment rate will increase. See Section 2-3. 26 of 30 An example of a person who is counted as unemployed is a A. retired worker below the mandatory retirement age.B. part-time worker who would like to work full-time. C. senator who resigns her job to run for president. D. student going to school full-time. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of who is considered unemployed, see Section 2-3. 27 of 30 Suppose that a factory worker turns 62 years old and reti res from her job. Which statistic is not affected? A. number of unemployed B. unemployment rate C. labor force D. labor-force participation rate 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The factory worker willingly leaves her job so she is not considered to be unemployed.See Section 2-3. 28 of 30 Suppose that the size of the labor force is 100 million and that the unemployment rate is 5 percent. Which of the following actions would reduce the unemployment rate the most? A. 1 million unemployed people get jobs B. 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force C. 3 million people join the labor force and they all get jobs   D. 10 million people join the labor force and half of them get jobs 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed workers divided by the size of the labor force.If you calculate it for each of the above situations, you will see that it is most reduced when 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force . See Section 2-3. 29 of 30 Suppose that a Canadian citizen crosses the border each day to work in the United States. Her income from this job would be counted in     A. U. S. GNP and Canadian GNP. B. U. S. GNP and Canadian GDP. C. U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. D. U. S. GDP and Canadian GDP. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Her income is counted as U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. See Section 2-1 for the definitions of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP). 0 of 30 Suppose that an Italian working in the United States renounces his Italian citizenship and is granted U. S. citizenship. Which of the following will happen? A. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. B. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GNP will rise. C. Italian GDP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. D. Italian GNP will fall; U. S. GDP will rise. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The worker’s income was counted as Italian GNP and U. S. GDP. After the worker becomes a U. S . citizen, his income is counted as U. S. GNP and GDP. Therefore, Italian GNP falls and U. S. GNP rises. See Section 2-1.