Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Mixed Personality Disorder By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 26, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 valentinrussanov / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Diagnosis Causes Treatment Coping View All Back To Top Mixed personality disorder refers to a type of personality disorder that does not fall into the 10 recognized personality disorders.  It is possible for people to have traits or symptoms of more than one personality disorder at the same time, while not meeting the criteria for any single one of them. In DSM-IV, this was referred to as Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). This terminology has been replaced in the  DSM-5 by Other Specified Personality Disorder. This is not a surprising category as there is significant overlap between the symptoms of several of the personality disorders. Since this is in a way a catch-all category for people with some symptoms of many different personality disorders, there is a wide range of symptoms among people who receive this diagnosis. How PD-NOS Was Reclassified in the DSM-5 Symptoms Most people have a fairly flexible personality that allows them to adapt to a variety of circumstances, people, and events. People with personality disorders, on the other hand, tend to get stuck in rigid ways of relating to people and events. These rigid thoughts may affect how they think about themselves and the world around them, how they experience emotion, how they function socially, and how well they can control their impulses. Mixed personality disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed personality disorders. In one study looking at patients referred for psychotherapy, 18.4% met the diagnostic criteria for a mixed personality disorder.?? Types of Personality Disorders A personality disorder is defined as a chronic and pervasive  mental disorder  that affects thoughts, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning. The DSM-5 recognizes 10 distinct  personality disorders, which are arranged into three clusters. Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Paranoid personality disorder: Paranoid personality disorder is marked by a chronic fear and distrust of other people combined with a belief that others are deceiving or exploiting them. It occurs in 1% to 2% of the population and overlaps in some ways with schizophrenia.Schizoid personality disorder: Schizoid personality disorder is marked by an indifference to other people. Those with this disorder often have very little interest in forming close relationships with other people.Schizotypal personality disorder: Schizotypal personality disorder, a condition that affects around 3% of the population, is marked by eccentric thoughts and behaviors. People with the disorder often engage in magical thinking, for example, believing they can read the future. They often experience tremendous social anxiety as well. Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional Antisocial personality disorder: Its thought that 7.6 million Americans live with antisocial personality disorder, a disorder in which people may intentionally harm others and are indifferent to the pain experienced by anyone other than themselves. A lack of empathy (lack of concern for others) combined with a lack of remorse (little conscience about their cruel activities) often contributes to the tendency toward criminal behaviors.Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) often leads to unstable and intense relationships due to anger and aggression towards others combined with a deep fear of abandonment. People with BPD often engage in risky behaviors and may engage in self-harming behaviors.Histrionic personality disorder: Histrionic personality disorder affects around 1.8% of the population and involves a combination of shallow emotions combined with attention-seeking and manipulative behaviors. Among this population, suicide gestures are commonly not related to depression, but rather as a way to manipulate others. (That said, its always important to take warning signs of suicide seriously; do not ignore signs even if you believe them to be disingenuous.)Narcissistic personality disorder: Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is characterized by extreme self-centeredness, an exaggerated sense of their own importance, and a lack of empathy or concern for others. The disorder is often recognized first not in the person who has the disorder, but through the emotional damage that occurs to those people with whom the person with NPD relates. Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Avoidant personality disorder: Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by extreme shyness and sensitivity to criticism from others. It is often associated with other mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders and social phobia.Dependent personality disorder: Dependent personality disorder is characterized by intense fear and inability to make decisions. This disorder is the ultimate in the need to be a people pleaser and can result in near paralysis and inability to make the daily decisions (without the input of others) necessary for functioning well in the outside world.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Around 2.5% of the population is expected to live with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder at some point in their life. It is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Introduction to Personality Disorders Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must exhibit symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-5, including: The patterns of behavior must be chronic and pervasive, affecting many different aspects of the individual’s life, including social functioning, work, school, and close relationships.The person must exhibit symptoms that affect two or more of the following four areas: thoughts, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control.The pattern of behaviors must be stable across time and have an onset that can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.These behaviors cannot be explained by any other mental disorders, substance use, or medical conditions. While the DSM-5 retained the DSM-IVs categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders, it developed an alternate model, which it suggests could be an area for future study. Using this alternate hybrid model, clinicians would assess personality and diagnose a personality disorder based on a combination of specific difficulties in personality functioning, as well as the general patterns of pathological personality traits. Differential Diagnosis Before a clinician can diagnose a personality disorder, they must make a differential diagnosis to rule out other disorders or medical conditions that may be causing the symptoms. This is very important but can be difficult as the symptoms that characterize personality disorders are often similar to those of other psychiatric disorders and medical illnesses. Personality disorders also commonly co-occur with other illnesses. Causes Though experts dont understand all of the causes of personality disorders, there are believed to be causes that likely underlie more than one of these disorders. Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Some people may be predisposed to these disorders due to genetics and family history. Genetic vulnerabilities may make people more susceptible to these conditions, while experiences and other environmental factors may act as a trigger in the development of a personality disorder. Treatment Since the symptoms and characteristics of mixed personality disorder span a wide range, there is not one specific treatment that is helpful to all people with the diagnosis. The particular symptoms present are often treated as if the person does meet the criteria of one of the personality disorders described above. For example, if a person meets some, but not all of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, one of the empirically validated psychotherapy treatments for borderline personality disorder may be pursued. In general, the treatment of personality disorders also requires that the person with the disorder wishing to pursue therapy. The Best Online Therapy Programs Psychotherapy Your treatment plan will depend largely upon your symptoms but may involve the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a subtype known as dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Traditional CBT focuses on identifying negative thinking patterns that contribute to maladaptive behaviors and replacing these patterns with healthier, more realistic ones.Dialectical-behavioral therapy: DBT can be particularly effective at treating borderline symptoms and involves learning skills related to emotional regulation, interpersonal communication, mindfulness, and tolerating distress. Medications Psychotherapy is often more effective than medications, but medications may be prescribed to address certain symptoms. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may be used to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed when people have Cluster A symptoms such as eccentric thoughts or behaviors. Coping While personality disorders are fairly common, many people do not realize that they have one of these conditions. One of the best ways to improve your quality of life is to recognize the signs and find effective ways to cope with symptoms that lead to distress and impairment. Professional support from a therapist combined with self-care can help people learn to manage their condition. Recognize Your Symptoms If you have mixed traits such as avoidance or dependence, consider the impact these might have on different aspects of your life including work and relationships. By better understanding these traits, youll have a clearer idea of what you can do to work around them. Have a Plan Some traits can make it hard to take care of your health and home. You might do well some of the time, only to have periods where you struggle to keep up. Come up with a self-care plan that works for you and enlist the help of friends and family who can help keep you on track. How to Cope With a Personality Disorder A Word From Verywell While research suggests that personality disorders with mixed symptoms are quite common, people often go underdiagnosed and undertreated. With appropriate treatment, you can learn to manage symptoms that may be having a negative impact on multiple areas of your life. Talk to your doctor if you suspect that you may be experiencing symptoms of some type of personality disorder.

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Mixed Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Mixed Personality Disorder By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 26, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 valentinrussanov / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Diagnosis Causes Treatment Coping View All Back To Top Mixed personality disorder refers to a type of personality disorder that does not fall into the 10 recognized personality disorders.  It is possible for people to have traits or symptoms of more than one personality disorder at the same time, while not meeting the criteria for any single one of them. In DSM-IV, this was referred to as Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). This terminology has been replaced in the  DSM-5 by Other Specified Personality Disorder. This is not a surprising category as there is significant overlap between the symptoms of several of the personality disorders. Since this is in a way a catch-all category for people with some symptoms of many different personality disorders, there is a wide range of symptoms among people who receive this diagnosis. How PD-NOS Was Reclassified in the DSM-5 Symptoms Most people have a fairly flexible personality that allows them to adapt to a variety of circumstances, people, and events. People with personality disorders, on the other hand, tend to get stuck in rigid ways of relating to people and events. These rigid thoughts may affect how they think about themselves and the world around them, how they experience emotion, how they function socially, and how well they can control their impulses. Mixed personality disorder is one of the most commonly diagnosed personality disorders. In one study looking at patients referred for psychotherapy, 18.4% met the diagnostic criteria for a mixed personality disorder.?? Types of Personality Disorders A personality disorder is defined as a chronic and pervasive  mental disorder  that affects thoughts, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning. The DSM-5 recognizes 10 distinct  personality disorders, which are arranged into three clusters. Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Paranoid personality disorder: Paranoid personality disorder is marked by a chronic fear and distrust of other people combined with a belief that others are deceiving or exploiting them. It occurs in 1% to 2% of the population and overlaps in some ways with schizophrenia.Schizoid personality disorder: Schizoid personality disorder is marked by an indifference to other people. Those with this disorder often have very little interest in forming close relationships with other people.Schizotypal personality disorder: Schizotypal personality disorder, a condition that affects around 3% of the population, is marked by eccentric thoughts and behaviors. People with the disorder often engage in magical thinking, for example, believing they can read the future. They often experience tremendous social anxiety as well. Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional Antisocial personality disorder: Its thought that 7.6 million Americans live with antisocial personality disorder, a disorder in which people may intentionally harm others and are indifferent to the pain experienced by anyone other than themselves. A lack of empathy (lack of concern for others) combined with a lack of remorse (little conscience about their cruel activities) often contributes to the tendency toward criminal behaviors.Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) often leads to unstable and intense relationships due to anger and aggression towards others combined with a deep fear of abandonment. People with BPD often engage in risky behaviors and may engage in self-harming behaviors.Histrionic personality disorder: Histrionic personality disorder affects around 1.8% of the population and involves a combination of shallow emotions combined with attention-seeking and manipulative behaviors. Among this population, suicide gestures are commonly not related to depression, but rather as a way to manipulate others. (That said, its always important to take warning signs of suicide seriously; do not ignore signs even if you believe them to be disingenuous.)Narcissistic personality disorder: Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is characterized by extreme self-centeredness, an exaggerated sense of their own importance, and a lack of empathy or concern for others. The disorder is often recognized first not in the person who has the disorder, but through the emotional damage that occurs to those people with whom the person with NPD relates. Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Avoidant personality disorder: Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by extreme shyness and sensitivity to criticism from others. It is often associated with other mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders and social phobia.Dependent personality disorder: Dependent personality disorder is characterized by intense fear and inability to make decisions. This disorder is the ultimate in the need to be a people pleaser and can result in near paralysis and inability to make the daily decisions (without the input of others) necessary for functioning well in the outside world.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Around 2.5% of the population is expected to live with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder at some point in their life. It is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Introduction to Personality Disorders Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must exhibit symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-5, including: The patterns of behavior must be chronic and pervasive, affecting many different aspects of the individual’s life, including social functioning, work, school, and close relationships.The person must exhibit symptoms that affect two or more of the following four areas: thoughts, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control.The pattern of behaviors must be stable across time and have an onset that can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood.These behaviors cannot be explained by any other mental disorders, substance use, or medical conditions. While the DSM-5 retained the DSM-IVs categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders, it developed an alternate model, which it suggests could be an area for future study. Using this alternate hybrid model, clinicians would assess personality and diagnose a personality disorder based on a combination of specific difficulties in personality functioning, as well as the general patterns of pathological personality traits. Differential Diagnosis Before a clinician can diagnose a personality disorder, they must make a differential diagnosis to rule out other disorders or medical conditions that may be causing the symptoms. This is very important but can be difficult as the symptoms that characterize personality disorders are often similar to those of other psychiatric disorders and medical illnesses. Personality disorders also commonly co-occur with other illnesses. Causes Though experts dont understand all of the causes of personality disorders, there are believed to be causes that likely underlie more than one of these disorders. Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Some people may be predisposed to these disorders due to genetics and family history. Genetic vulnerabilities may make people more susceptible to these conditions, while experiences and other environmental factors may act as a trigger in the development of a personality disorder. Treatment Since the symptoms and characteristics of mixed personality disorder span a wide range, there is not one specific treatment that is helpful to all people with the diagnosis. The particular symptoms present are often treated as if the person does meet the criteria of one of the personality disorders described above. For example, if a person meets some, but not all of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, one of the empirically validated psychotherapy treatments for borderline personality disorder may be pursued. In general, the treatment of personality disorders also requires that the person with the disorder wishing to pursue therapy. The Best Online Therapy Programs Psychotherapy Your treatment plan will depend largely upon your symptoms but may involve the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a subtype known as dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT). Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Traditional CBT focuses on identifying negative thinking patterns that contribute to maladaptive behaviors and replacing these patterns with healthier, more realistic ones.Dialectical-behavioral therapy: DBT can be particularly effective at treating borderline symptoms and involves learning skills related to emotional regulation, interpersonal communication, mindfulness, and tolerating distress. Medications Psychotherapy is often more effective than medications, but medications may be prescribed to address certain symptoms. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may be used to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed when people have Cluster A symptoms such as eccentric thoughts or behaviors. Coping While personality disorders are fairly common, many people do not realize that they have one of these conditions. One of the best ways to improve your quality of life is to recognize the signs and find effective ways to cope with symptoms that lead to distress and impairment. Professional support from a therapist combined with self-care can help people learn to manage their condition. Recognize Your Symptoms If you have mixed traits such as avoidance or dependence, consider the impact these might have on different aspects of your life including work and relationships. By better understanding these traits, youll have a clearer idea of what you can do to work around them. Have a Plan Some traits can make it hard to take care of your health and home. You might do well some of the time, only to have periods where you struggle to keep up. Come up with a self-care plan that works for you and enlist the help of friends and family who can help keep you on track. How to Cope With a Personality Disorder A Word From Verywell While research suggests that personality disorders with mixed symptoms are quite common, people often go underdiagnosed and undertreated. With appropriate treatment, you can learn to manage symptoms that may be having a negative impact on multiple areas of your life. Talk to your doctor if you suspect that you may be experiencing symptoms of some type of personality disorder.

Ambiguous Language as an Opportunity for Mental Development Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The statement seems to imply something negative at first considering that language is supposed to unify people by having similar interpretations. But if one thinks very deeply about it, he will realize that it is but logical to get different kinds of reaction to the same material basically because no two people are the same in the first place. Take for example the sentence, Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as is his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart (Fitzgerald 15). Showing this statement to two or more individuals and asking them to interpret it would undoubtedly result in unique answers that have varying sparks of interest. However, it would be inappropriate to declare one person as correct in his or her analysis over the other because of their essential individuality. Each person has his or her own family background, education, past experiences, social interactions, and exposure to literature that these factors are going t o certainly affect the way the person will give the meaning to this statement. In this way, purposely ambiguous language gives a wide room for all individuals to freely allow their thoughts to travel to places where they have never been. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Language as an Opportunity for Mental Development or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Effects Of Creole Culture In The Awakening By Kate Chopin

The psychological theory of nurture states that an individual’s environment affects who they are. One’s environment includes factors such as early childhood experiences, how they were raised, and the society in which they live. This theory was tested in Albert Bandura’s social learning experiment, in which he demonstrated that people learn by observing others. He did this by showing children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing another person acting aggressively. On the other hand, one has the ability to change these learned behaviors or traits if they choose to. In the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin demonstrates society’s ability to influence how one is viewed, but if one finds they do not fit the persona they have assumed, they†¦show more content†¦Along with living up to this towering expectation they were presumed to â€Å"live their lives largely homebound, taking care of the cooking, cleaning, and child rearing,† (Sallus) whi ch restricted a woman of this time’s value to what she could do and how she could serve others. Edna says her children’s absence was a relief in a sense because â€Å"It seemed to free her of a responsibility which she had blindly assumed and for which Fate had not fitted her.† (Chopin 25). This reveals that Edna feels as though she does not fit the role of the mother, nor does she want to. Edna later argues to Madame Ratignolle, the epitome of a motherwoman, that she would give up the unessential for her children, for instance money or even her own life, but she would never sacrifice herself. Madame Ratignolle demonstrates the values of a woman in their society when she replies with: â€Å"... but a woman who would give her life for her children could do no more than that--your Bible tells you so. Im sure I couldnt do more than that.† (Chopin 64). This shows that Edna differs from the women in her society because she places herself above her family and focuses on her own happiness rather than tending to her children and husband’s every last need or want. From even the first few chapters of the novel it is evident that Edna is becoming aware of her concealed wants and desires as she begins to distance herself from the society that she considers herself to be an outsider in. While walking in town EdnaShow MoreRelated Kate Chopin’s The Awakening Essay4153 Words   |  17 PagesKate Chopin’s The Awakening Kate Chopin’s The Awakening should be seen as depicting the discontentment that comes from self-gratification rather than the glorification of delighting in one’s fantasies. Chopin describes the central idea of one who is seeking to please her personal needs and desires and, in the process, neglects to notice how her actions affect others. The protagonist, Edna, is not able to find peace or happiness in the accepted daily life that a woman of her era and socialRead MoreThe Awakening Feminist Analysis1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe influence of culture within society may lead to detrimental outcomes. Oppression is not the intention of society, though through harsh political and social standards one will feel compelled to make brash decisions. Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, provides feminist criticism of traditional motherhood, marriage, and conformity. Edna Pontellier, the female protagonist within the novel, grows to desire independence and control over her life. Throughout the story, Edna epitomizes a feministRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1899, Kate Chopin had published The Awakening, an American literature classic. Set in Victorian Louisiana, Chopin presented a world where woman are often given a limited amount of options in the many difficult choices we face today in life and bounded to a certain status. Stephen Greenblatt proclaims that the â€Å"beliefs and practices that form a given culture function as a pervasive technology of control, a set of limits†¦ to which individuals must conform† as well as that â€Å"literature†¦ has been one

American Invovment in Vietnam Essay - 881 Words

In American History, the nineteen sixties and the nineteen seventies were extremely turbulent and controversial times. Protest rights were being tested and occasionally suppressed, new moral and political values began to develop, and the Vietnam War dominated the twenty-year period. Vietnam invited many young activist people to begin a huge movement of anti-war protesting denouncing the war, the government, and even the soldiers who were picked against their will to fight. Reasons for American entry into the Vietnam War are controversial, and everyone has a different opinion on why we got into the conflict. Multiple reasons contributed to the entry in Vietnam from support of allies who were fighting their battles, to the fact that the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another reason for American entry into the Vietnam War was the commitment that had formerly been made by the French and the Americans into the fight or the support of the fight in Vietnam for the Fr ench colony. The French had been fighting for an Indochina colony after World War Two to benefit them, but at the same time had been struggling with domestic costs and issues. American support to the French in the form of millions of dollars to support the war failed, but officially committed to Americans to a cause in Vietnam in the American governments eyes. In 1954, at Dienbienphu the French military forces came into conflict with the North Vietnamese forces, called the Vietminh after their leader Ho Chi Minh, being defeated and leaving the Communist Vietnamese the victors. The French negotiations left a border at the 17th parallel making North Vietnam the communist half of the country while the Southern half was the democratic portion. An election was set up to decide whether the government was to become communist or democratic. American officials would not stand for this agreement realizing that it would fall to the communist, so they replaced the French in South Vietnam and began to train the South Vietnamese Army. This would soon lead us into the actual cause

The Alien Tort Statute

Question: Write a summary of the case under The Alien Tort Statute perspective? Answer: In the year 1992, Myanmar oil gave license to Total S A (French corporation) to produce, transport and sell natural gas from Yadana fields in Myanmar. The project involved extraction and transportation of natural gas from interiors of Myanmar to Thailand. Unocal Corporation, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Union Oil Company of California, entered into joint venture with 28% stake in the gas production. The production and transportation of the natural gas was assisted by the Myanmar military known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), which was responsible for protecting the pipeline. Despite being aware of the history of human rights violation of SLORC, Unocal and Total entered into an agreement with SLORC for clearing the pipeline route and ensuring security of the pipeline. SLORC soldiers forced relocation of the natives, confiscated their property and forced them to act as laborers and even tortured and murdered. Villagers lost their homes and were dispossessed of their crops and livestock. They had no means to earn their livelihood and were forced to work for SLORC. The SLORC officials also raped the village females, while imposing forced labor in relation to the pipeline, on the male members of the family. Villagers filed a suit under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), against Unocal against the atrocities committed by the military, in the process of providing security to the pipeline. There are three basic requirements for a claim under the ATCA (i) claim by an alien; (ii) allegation of tort ; and (iii) violation of international law. The third requirement was under dispute before the court and it was held that actions of forced labour, torture, murder are jus cogens violations and hence violative of law of nations as was also observed in the case of United States v. Matta-Ballesteros, (1995). Barrington (2002) suggested that forced labor has been included in the definition of slavery by the 13th amendment of the constitution and is also prohibited under the law of nations, wherein individual liability is attributed and it does not require state action. In Doe v. Unocal Corporation, (1997), the District court had concluded that Unocal knew that tort of forced labor was conducted and benefitted by the joint venture. The Court of Appeals for 9th Circuit relied on the principle propounded in the case of Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina, (1992) that in ATCA cases, domestic law is not to be applied because violations of the international law are alleged, which are binding on the nations even if they do not agree to them. It was also held that practical assistance to the Myanmar Military for torts was provided by Unocal and there was no requirement to prove that Unocal controlled the military. Accordingly, mens rea and actus reus for imposing liability under ATCA to ai d and abet forced labour, murder and rape could be attributed to Unocal. The matter was referred to en banc panel of 11 judges at 9th Circuit Court and trial was to begin from June 2005. In the interim, Unocal settled the matter in March 2005 and agreed to pay compensation to the plaintiffs. References United States v. Matta-Ballesteros (1995) 71 F.3d 754, 764 n.5 (9th Circuit). Barrington T (2002) The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy. Columbia Law Review, 102, 973-1050. Doe v. Unocal Corporation ( 1997) 963 F. Supp. 880 (C.D. Cal.). Siderman de Blake v. Republic of Argentina (1992) 965 F.2d 699, 714-15 (9th Circuit).

Computer Hackers Essays (272 words) - Hacker, Crime Prevention

Computer Hackers REACTION PAPER FOR CASE STUDY #2, Chapter 17 This Reaction Paper represents my comments about and answers to questions concerning Case Study #2 in Chapter 17, pages 531 and 532 of the textbook. The comments and answers represent my interpretation of what the Case Study is about. Question 1. Sometimes, a successful break-in into system makes it easy to invade many other systems. Answer. Some systems include information that helps hackers invade other systems. Some systems hold such information as credit card numbers, cell phone numbers, and passwords to other computers. If the main computer can be broke into then the other systems can be filtrated. Companies can loose money from accounts being drained, and valuable time being spent on repairing files. Question 2. List the lessons one can draw from this case for any organization that maintains a Web site. Answer. One lesson is that no organization is immune to attacks against its Web site, unless proper measures are taken. Organizations must use such measures as encryption and firewalls for security. With Web Sites available to the public anyone that knows how can attempt to crack codes. This is a very scary thing. I know Clinton has put a lot of money into information protection for the country. Additional Comments. I fell large organizations must have some kind of security for there Web Sites. If not a lot of money and work hours can easily be lost. More and more people are trying to crash web sites for competition reasons and just for plan old fun. Internet security is a must for large businesses of this time. 2 Computers and Internet